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Post on my sefer

Announcing The Publication of Eliezer Brodt's Bein Kesah L'Asur

by Eliezer Brodt


This post is not a review of a sefer as one can not review ones own sefer. Rather it is a simple announcement and book description. Last year I posted a chapter from my sefer about the minhaghim of Rosh Hasnaha. I was hoping to complete that work this year but as the material grew I realized that would not be possible. Around Pesach time I decided that I would take some of the parts about aseret yemei teshuvah and print it as its own pamphlet. The pamphlet grew into its own 286 page sefer. The name of the sefer is Bein Kesah L'asur. The central topics of the sefer revolve around the chumras (stringency) that people practice during aseret yemei teshuvah.

The sefer begins with a chapter to explain why we observe these chumras even though right afterwards we revert back to our old ways. This follows with a chapter about the special power of Teffilah during this period. In the next chapter I trace at length the source of the minhag to take on chumros during this period starting with the Yerushalmi and up until recent literature showing how this minhag developed over time. Throughout I discuss many topics that were inter related to this Yerushalmi such as baking challos for shabbos that it should be specifically Pas yisroel, the minhag of people of Tzefas to eat chulin B'taharah, going to the Mikvah erev Yom Tov especially Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, and if there was Efar Parah Adumah after the destruction of the Bes Hamikdash. Besides this I deal with other topics such as the time period one has to observe these chumros. After which I have a few chapters disusing at length the actual chumras that people did, such as washing hands before eating vegetables, giving tzedakah in asret yemei teshuvah, checking ones tzizits before putting it on, sleeping during the day and on shabbos. There are some interesting appendixes in these chapters such as where the source for sleeping on Shabbos is considered oneg shabbos, wearing teffilin the whole day or at least during mincha. The last two chapters are about chumras in general (the pros and cons), and about the famous Asrah Mili Dechasdusad'Rav (the 10 pious practices of Rav) โ€“ in particular "Rav Lo soch Sicha Bitalha Miyomov" (Rav never spoke unnecessary words his whole life). I conclude the sefer with a chapter about the sefer Simachat Ha-nefesh which I used many times through out this work. I included an index of some 40 entries of some obscure seforim and topics that I discuss in the footnotes.


The sefer is available in Girsa, Otzar haseforim, next to the Mir and Shankies. It is en-route (arriving right after Rosh ha-Shana) to Biegeleisen and Judaica plaza. For all information about this sefer including donations for this one or the upcoming volume contact me at eliezerbrodt-at-gmail.com


What follows is a sample chapter based on one of the most famous things everyone learns about in school about asret yemei teshuvah that if you do teshuvah each day of the week has power to fix all of those days of that year.


ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”

ื. ืืœื•ืœื ื“ืžืกืชืคื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ื™ืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ:

ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ืืœืื ื˜ื™, ืฉืฉืžืข ืžืžื•ืจื™ ื–"ืœ: ืฉืื ื”ืื“ื ื™ืชืขื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื˜ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื•... ื•ืื ื”ืชืขื ื” ื•ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื, ื™ืชื›ืคืจื• ืœื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•1.

ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ื™ืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืœื”ื ืฉืขืฉืื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ืžื ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ืง (ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”, ืชืงื›ื”-ืชืงืฆื’), ื‘ืขืœ 'ื’ืœื™ื ืžืกื›ืช': ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืื™ืชื™, ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช, ื“ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืขื•ืชื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืืฉืจ ืขื™ื•ืช, ื—ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื• ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™... ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื” ืžืคืงื™ื“ ืœืจื‘: ืื™ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืชื ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื” - ืื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืื ืœืื• - ืชื”ื ืื›ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ืฉืชื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจืื‘ื™"ื”: ืงื‘ืœืชื™, ืฉืืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ... ืื ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื”, ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื, ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื• ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื, ื™ืชืงืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืžื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”2.


ื‘. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ืžื ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื "ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช" ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื•ืจืช ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ื•ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืจ' ืจืคืืœ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื—ื™ ืจื™ืงื™ (ืชืžื–-ืชืงื’), ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉื’ื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืฆืคืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืคื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืฉื ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื: "ื•ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”... ื”ืžืชืขื ื” ื‘ื”ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ืžื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ื˜ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื"3. ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื’ื ืžืฉื ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืกืคื• ืœืงืจื‘ื ืžืชื•ืจืช ื”ืืจ"ื™. ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืคื•ืคืจืฉ ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ืžื™ ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืชืขื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื ืžื—ืœื• ืœื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื“ืฉื‘ืช - ืžืชื›ืคืจื™ื ืœื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื—ื˜ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื“ืฉื‘ืช... ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื. ื–ื” ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง"4. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ. ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจ"ื (ืœื™ื˜ื, ืชืค-ืชืงื ื—) ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ืช: "...ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• [=ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”], ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”"5. ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“-ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•, ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื—ื‘ืจ (ืœื™ื˜ื, ืชืงืžื˜-ืชืจื™ื’): "ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•... ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ... ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื›ืœ ื—ื˜ื ื•ืืฉืžื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”... ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• [ืฉ]ื”ื ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ, ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื - ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื” ืฉืคื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืžื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”..."6. ื’ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืชืื•ืžื™ื (ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืชืคื–-ืชืงื ื‘), ื‘ืขืœ 'ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื', ื ืืžืจ: "ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื“ ืžืื“, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืžื”ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ืชืงืŸ ืžื” ืฉืคื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื"7.ื•ื›ืš ืืฆืœ ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื8.

 


ื’. ืืžื ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืขืœ-ืฉื ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™, ื‘ืจืžื™ื–ื”, ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ืจื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ืจ' ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื• (ื”ืจืž"ืง; ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ืงื™-ืฆืคืช, ืจืคื‘-ืฉืœ)! ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•: ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”... ื•ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืื™. ื•ืื•ืœื ืžืœืช 'ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' ื ื•ื“ืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื”: ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ืฉืจืฉื... ื•ื›ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื›ืŸ ื™ืคื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื™ืฉืœื™ืžื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื... [ื•]ื ืชืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉื”ื ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื - ืฉื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืคื™ื, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื ืฉืคืข ืจื‘, ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืคื’ื ืฉืคื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื•9.

ืืš ื”ืคืœื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื’ืœื ื˜ื™10, ืฉืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•: ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• (ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ื’ืœื”) ื•ื”ืจืž"ืง (ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ)!11.

ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืžืขื˜. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื’ืฉ, ืฉืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืจืง "ืื ื”ืื“ื ื™ืชืขื ื”" ื‘ื”ื "ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”"12. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืž"ืง ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฉ"ื™ืฉืœื™ืžื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื" ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื›ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ13, ื•ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช, ืืœื ืจืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”!


ื“. ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืฆื ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ื’ืœื”, ื•ื–ื•ืœืชื• ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจ' ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื ื“ื (ืคืจืื’, ืชืขื“-ืชืงื ื’), ื‘ืขืœ 'ืฉื•"ืช ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืœื›ืš ืกืžืš ืžื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื” ืกืข"ื‘):

ืจื‘ ืื™ื“ื™, ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจ ืื™ื“ื™, ื”ื•ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ื“ื”ื•ื” ืื–ื™ืœ ืชืœืชื ื™ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื ื•ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืžื ื‘ื‘ื™ ืจื‘. ื•ื”ื•ื• ืงืจื• ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื ืŸ: 'ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ื“ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืžื'. ื—ืœืฉ ื“ืขืชื™ื”... ื ืคืง ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื ื•ื“ืจืฉ: "ื•ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืขืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื™ื—ืคืฆื•ืŸ" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื ื— ื‘), ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•? ืืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš: ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื” - ืžืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืกืง ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”...

ืžืกื™ืง ืžื›ืš ืจ' ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื ื“ื: "ื”ืจื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืคื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”"14.

ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืจ' ืจืคืืœ ื›"ืฅ (ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืชืคื’-ืชืงืกื“) ืžื•ืฆื ืกืžืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ื‘ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ15:

ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืžื ื›ืจื•ื–ื ื ืคื™ืง ื•ืงืจื™ ื•ืœื™ืช ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ืฉื’ื—. ื“ืชื ื™ื: ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ-ื ืฉ ื›ื“ ืืชื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ื“ื ืคืง ืœืขืœืžื, ื›ืœื”ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื”ื• ื•ืื–ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ืืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืžื ื ื—ืชื™ืŸ ื•ืื–ื”ืจืŸ ืœื‘ืจ-ื ืฉ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืžื ื‘ืœื—ื•ื“ื•ื™. ื•ื›ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ืืชื™ ื•ืื–ื”ืจ ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ื—ื•ื‘ื ืงืžื™ ืžืืจื™ื”, ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ืกืœื™ืง ื‘ื›ืกื•ืคื ื•ืืกื”ื™ื“ ืกื”ื“ื•ืชื ื•ืงืื™ื ื‘ืœื—ื•ื“ื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจ. ื•ืชืื ื ื‘ืชืจ ื“ืงืื™ื ื‘ืœื—ื•ื“ื•ื™, ื™ืชื™ื‘ ืขื“ ื“ื‘ืจ-ื ืฉ ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžื ื™ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื–ื›ื” - ืชื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ืœืืชืจื™ื”; ืœื ื–ื›ื” - ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ื ื—ื™ืช ื•ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื—ื ื“ืœื‘ืจ ื•ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ื” ื•ืืชืชืงืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื™ื” ื“ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ-ื ืฉ ืžืžืฉ... ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš, ืืชืคืงื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืกืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืืฉืชืืจื•. ื•ื•ื™ ืœื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ-ื ืฉ ื“ื’ืจืข ื™ื•ืžื•ื™ ืงืžื™ ืžืœื›ื ืงื“ื™ืฉื ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืง ืœืขื™ืœื ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืœืืชืขื˜ืจื ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื”ื•ื ืขืœืžื - - -

ืžืกื™ื™ื ืจ' ืจืคืืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ื•ื”ื ื”, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืกืจ, ืฉืกื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• [=ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”], ืฉืื ืฉื‘ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ืžื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื” ืฉืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ. ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื 'ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”', ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืื‘ื“ื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื—ื˜ืืชื• ื‘ื”ืŸ"16.


ื”. ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ, ืฉืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ื•, ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ; ืžืžื ื• ื ื•ืกืคื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ึดืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•.

1. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘'ืฉื‘ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”'. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ('ืฉื‘ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”') ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืชืขื ื•ื’':

ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื–"ืœ, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื - ืžืชื›ืคืจ ืžื” ืฉืคื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ืฉื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืืœ ืœื‘ื• ืื ืคื’ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื• ื›ืขืก<

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