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Hunted Bears, Cantonists and Nazi Victims

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by Yitzhak, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืŸ.


I thank Dan Rabinowitz for graciously allowing me to post this essay.


Hunted Bears


This is the cover image of the Gary Larson collection Beyond The Far Side:


I have long found this cartoon profoundly depressing, in its humorous but acute portrayal of the moral degradation of which we are capable. ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ืขื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœืื™ืฉ ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ื ืคืฉื• 1; the desperate bear grins inanely as he attempts to persuade the hunter to shoot his companion instead of himself.



Several months ago, though, I had an epiphany; it is all very well to consider the matter from a literary-psychological perspective, but what is the view of the Halachah 2?


Cantonists and 'Chappers'


The thought lay dormant in my mind, until I read the following paragraph in Dr. Marc Shapiro's typically erudite and fascinating article Rabbis and Communism at The Seforim Blog:


When dealing with anti-clericalism in Russia, we must also not forget the massesโ€™ long memory of how some (many?, most?) rabbis were silent during the era of the chappers. This was when children were grabbed for 25 years of military service in the Cantonists, often never again to see their parents and usually succumbing to incessant pressure (including torture) to be baptized. Yet it wasnโ€™t the children of the rich or the rabbis who were taken, but the poor children. Jacob Lifshitzโ€™ defense of the way the Jewish community dealt with the Cantonist tragedy โ€“ which he regards as worse than even the destruction of the Temple! โ€“ and his insistence that no one can judge the community leaders unless they themselves had been in such a difficult circumstance, is something we must bear in mind. Yet all such ex post facto justifications would have no impact on the outlook of those that actually suffered during the Cantonist era, and it is no wonder that many of the common people would not regard the rabbis in a sympathetic light. The rabbis were certainly able to come up with a justification why their sons, the future Torah scholars, should not be taken to the army, just as they continue to make this argument. Yet this would only serve to show the masses that some childrenโ€™s blood was indeed redder than others.

This post shall attempt to clarify the relevant controlling Halachos for both scenarios: may a bear attempt to save his life at the expense of his comrade's, and may a potential or actual draftee, or a friend of his, attempt to evade the draft if the consequence will be the drafting of another instead.3

The Yerushalmi



The locus classicus for this discussion is a passage in the Yerushalmi Bava Kama:



ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืฉืžื˜ื• ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ืื ืขื“ ืฉืœื ืขืœื” ืฉืžื˜ื• ื•ื ืคืœ ื•ืžืช ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืื ื“ื—ื”ื• ื•ื ืคืœ ื•ืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘


ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื•ืชื™ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ืจืื” ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื“ื”ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœืคื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืคื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ

ืื”ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื• ืืจื’ื™ืจื ืขื“ ื“ืœื ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื”ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื• ืืจื’ื™ืจื ืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืจ ืคืœืŸ ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืชื™ ืคืœืŸ ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืชื™. ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื”ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื• ืืจื’ื™ืจื ืืกื™ืจ.

ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื›ืกื ื™ื™ ืคืจื›ื ืขื“ ื“ืœื ื™ื™ืชื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžืื™ ืฉืจื™ ืžื™ื—ืฉื“ื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืชื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžืื™ ืืกื™ืจ.4


The Nimukei Yosef cites the second paragraph of the Yerushalmi, about the Amas Hamayim 5.

Rema rules:

ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ื ื–ืง ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื”ื ื–ืง ืœืื—ืจ6

Rema only cites the permissive component of the Yerushalmi; he omits the Yerushalmi's stringency, prohibiting the shifting onto another of a misfortune that is considered to have already befallen. Sema does indeed cite the latter part of the Yerushalmi:

ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกืœืงื• ืžืžื ื• ื›ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื–ืง ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•:7

but why does Rema omit it? This question is raised by Rav Haim Yehudah Leib Epstein, who infers that Rema does not actually accept the stringency of the Yerushalmi L'Halachah, a position for which he offers various justifications, which are beyond the scope of this post 8. Although we shall see that The consensus of the Poskim, however, seems to accept the Yerushalmi in its entirety as Halachah 9.

The Hafetz Haim discusses this Yerushalmi; he is curiously tentative about its application to the question of Lashon Ha'Ra that he is considering, the deflection of blame from oneself in a situation in which so doing will consequently cause another to be accused:


ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” [ืฉืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื“ ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื ื’ื“ื• ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉืื•] ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ื”ืขื•ืฉื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ืื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ื”: ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืฃ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ืจืง ืœื”ืฉื•ืืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืื ื™ ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืชื’ื ื“ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•.10



ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืค"ื— (ืกื•ืฃ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘) ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื” ... ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืž"ืข ืฉื ... ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื (ืื•ืช ื›"ื˜) ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืž"ืข. ื•ื”ื›ื ื ืžื™ ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื ื—ืœื˜ ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื—ืฉื“ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœื™ื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจื” ืžืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœืชื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื–ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื”.



Draft Evasion


Rav Yosef Ibn Lev discusses a case apparently very similar to one of the scenarios in the Yerushalmi:

ืฉืืœื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœืงืฆืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืจืืคื™"ืฉ ืื• ืœืฉืืจ ืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื– ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืืœ ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืจื” ืื‘ืœ ื™ืจื ืœื ืคืฉื• ืฉืื ื™ืฆื™ืœ ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ืงื—ื• ืœืœื•ื™ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืืŸ ืœื™ืžื ืœื™ื” ื“ื“ืžื ื“ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืกื•ืžืง ื˜ืคื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื ื“ืžื” ื“ืœื•ื™ ืกื•ืžืง ื˜ืคื™ ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืืœ ืื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจืชื•:



ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื™ืงืจื ื“ื”ืื™ ืžื™ืœืชื ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื”ืขืจืœ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื”ืชื ืžืื™ ืฉื ื ื”ื ื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื• ืœืžื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื™ื‘ ืจื‘ ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื ื ื•ื™ื—ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืžืคื™ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื›ื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ืงืœื˜ื• ื•ื‘ืงืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืคืœื˜ื• ื•ืื›ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืฉื‘ืงืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืงืœื˜ื ื• ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืš ืฉืžืขื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉืืจื"ืฃ ื•ืชืคืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื ื™ืžืœื˜ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืงื—ื• ืื—ืจ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฆืชื” ื’ื–ืจื” ืœืงื—ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืœืฉืจื"ืฃ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื• ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื”


ื•ื”ืื™ ื“ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื“ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ืœื™ืช ืกืคื™ืงื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืื™ื›ื ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ื™ ืขื™ื“ื ื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืขื ื•ืœื ื™ืงื—ื• ืื—ืจ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ...11


Shach endorses Ibn Lev's ruling distinguishing between where the royal decree specifies particular individuals and where it merely demands a quota, and he says that the inference from the Mefiboshes passage is compelling12. It is curious, though, that neither Ibn Lev nor Shach mention in this context the Yerushalmi that we have been discussing until now; Rav Akiva Eiger 13, Rav Baruch Frankel14, Rav Meir Ya'akov Ginzberg15, and Pis'hei Teshuvah16 all refer the reader to the Yerushalmi. We shall presently see a suggestion for why Ibn Lev and Shach do not cite the Yerushalmi.

Rav Shmuel Landau discusses whether it is permitted to take action to save particular individuals from a governmental draft, even though the result will inevitably be the seizure of others:

... ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืœืชื• ืฉืืœืช ื—ื›ื ื—ืฆื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืคืฉื•ืช ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืžื™ ื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ...



ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื™ ืžื”ืกืก ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื. ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ .. ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉ"ืš ... ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืœืงื— ื”ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ืคืจื˜ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื:

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืชืžื™ื” ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉ"ืš ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ [ืง]ืก"ื’ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืจื—ืง ืœื—ืžื• ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ ื”ื "ืœ ื”ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉ"ืข ื‘ืจืž"ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืค"ื— ืกื•ืฃ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘' ... ื”ืจื™ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคืกืง ืฉืœ ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ ื•ื’ื ื”ืกืž"ืข ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ... ื”ืจื™ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคืกืง ืฉืœ ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘:

ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืžื”ืจืž"ื ืœืงืžืŸ ื ืฉืžืข ื“ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ื“ื”ื ื–ืง ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ื•ืœื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉ"ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ ื•ืคืกืง ื“ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ืžื“ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ืžืคื™ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื ื™ืงืœื˜ื ื• ื”ืืจื•ืŸ: [ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ืœืคืœืคืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ื—ื“ื• ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.]17


Rav Avraham Maskil Le'Eisan cites this responsum and suggests that one may permitted to save himself at another's expense even if he has already been selected for misfortune:

ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” .. ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืงื—ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื ืจืง ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืœืงื— ืืฃ ื' ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื'. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉ"ืš .. ื•ื‘ื”ื’"ื” ืฉื (ืฉ"ืค) [ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฆ"ืœ ืฉืค"ื—].


ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืืฃ ืฉื ืœืงื— ื“ื—ื™ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ืžื™ืŸ:18


This is incomprehensible; as we have seen, the entire point of Rav Landau is that the reason that Ibn Lev and Shach do not derive their permission to save someone at another's expense from the Yerushalmi is because they are allowing a third party to save a victim, whereas the Yerushalmi is discussing efforts by the victim himself, and yet the Yerushalmi explicitly forbids even such efforts when the misfortune is specific to the victim! Perhaps Rav Maskil Le'Eisan holds like Rav Epstein, that the Rema's omission of the Yerushalmi's prohibition indicates that it is not normative, but given that the Sema does cite the prohibition, and none of the major commentaries reject it, if Rav Maskil Le'Eisan really held like Rav Epstein, he should have said so explicitly 19.


"At Risk" Youths


In his article, Shapiro comments that:

Michael Stanislawski notes that in one community the communal leaders wanted to grab a poor tailor since he wasnโ€™t observant, but the local rabbi forbid it. ...


In a strong defense of the rabbis against the charge that they collaborated with the rich people in order to ensure that the poor were taken, R. Moses Solomon Kazarnov calls attention to all that the rabbis did to defend the children of the lower class. But he acknowledges that the rabbis would hand over the non-religious kids, including their own!


In the continuation of his responsum, Rav Landau, no mere local Rabbi, issues an uncompromising rejection of religious laxity as a justification for handing someone over to the government. He unequivocally, passionately and eloquently rejects a suggestion of his questioner that the community satisfy the government's demands with some "ื ืขืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ"; indeed, he seems horrified by the idea:

ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืขืœืชื• ื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื™ื–ื” ื ืขืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื“ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ืžื›ืช ืžืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืืœ ื™ื“ื— ืžืžื ื• ื ื™ื“ื— ืœื”ื“ื™ื—ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืงื”ืœ ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื’ื“ืจ ืžืœืชื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื• ื•ื’ื ืœื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืงื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ... ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžื’ื“ืจ ืžืœืชื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ืคืจื•ืฆื™ื ืจืง ืื™ื–ื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ืžื™ ื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”. ...


[ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืคืœืคืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืขืœื”:] ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ... ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื ืขืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืจืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื›ืคืœื™ ื›ืคืœื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื—ื˜ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืกื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœื ื ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืื ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืื˜ ื ืคืฉ ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื•.20


We must note that Rav Landau's unwillingness to countenance the seizure of the religiously dubious youths is apparently predicated on his assertion that they are not in the category of Moridin; if it were reliably established that they were thoroughly irreligious21, he may indeed not object to their seizure.

Rav Landau concludes with an apparent reiteration of his earlier ruling permitting action which is merely evasive:


ืืš ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื›ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืงืจืื• ืœื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืœื›ื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื•ืžืื™ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื“ื“ืžื™ ื“ื”ืื™ ืกื•ืžืง ื˜ืคื™ ืžื“ืžื™ ื“ืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื•.


ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืฆื•ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืฉืžืข ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ื ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื.


The Hasam Sofer has a similarily strong denunciation of the unfair selection by the community of particular individuals, even alleged "ืคื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืงื™ื", to be drafted:

ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื™ืคื” ืžื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืข"ื› ื™ืขืœื™ืžื• ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื”ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขืช ืœื—ืฉื•ืช


ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืก ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืžื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืžื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื ืžืœื—ืžืชื• ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืง ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื•ื“ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืืงืจืงืคืชื ื“ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืฉื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื•ื—ืง ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืืš ืœื ืื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ืงืžื ื“ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื—' ืข"ื ื”ื›ืœ ืœื›ืจื™' ืคืชื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ืœื ื ืคืงื™ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื–ื ืื‘ืœ ื ืคืงื™ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื–ื ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืคืง ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื–ื ื ื™ื ื”ื• ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืจ"ื” ืคื˜ืจื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืื˜ืขืกื˜ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•' ืคื™ื”ื ื•ืžืขื”ืจ"ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื ืœืฆื‘ื ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ:



ื•ืื™ื“ืš ืžื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ืขืฆืžื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืื• ื™ืœืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืขื• ื•ื™ืงืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉื• ืื‘ืœ ืœืื ื•ืก ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื•ืจืงื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื’ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื’ื•ื ื‘ ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžื›ืจื• ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืœื™ืคื™ ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืคืงื•ื“ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื• ื›ืžื•ืกืจ ืœืชื•ื ืžื›ืžืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ื•ื™ ืืชื™ื‘ื ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืจืข ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืื ืกื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืืœื• ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืื ื• ืžื“ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื ื•ืคืœ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ืงืžื ื“ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื›ืจื™ื:


ืืš ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืชื” ืœืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืจืฆื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื”ืžื” ื’ืจื™ืขื™ ืžื›ื•ืœื”ื• ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืื˜ ื ืคืฉื ืžืชื ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื›ืชืจื™ ืขื™ื‘ืจื ื ื”ืจื™ ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืงื”ืœื” ื–ื• ืงื•ื ื”ื• ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืื ื›ืŸ ืงืœืงืœืชื ื‘ืขื•"ื” ืชืงื ื” ืงืฆืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืจืข ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื•

ื•ื”ื ื” ืงืฆืจืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ...22

Hasam Sofer prohibits seizing even youths who are ืžื’ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช, but perhaps he is referring only to those who yield to temptation, and are therefore not considered Apikorsim, Minim or Meshumadim, and are not in the category of Moridin 23.

Although both Rav Landau and the Hasam Sofer are unequivocal in their condemnation of the unfair seizure by the community of particular individuals in order to save others, I do not know if their opposition would extend to a mere request to the government that it draft them, or to the attempt by the targeted bear in the Far Side cartoon to convince the hunter to shoot his companion instead of himself. Normally these actions might constitute Mesirah, but in these situations, where the government will inevitably seize some individuals, and the hunter will certainly shoot a bear, and the request is merely determining who the victim(s) will be, perhaps the permissive rulings of the Yerushalmi and Ibn Lev still apply, since in any event the Yerushalmi seems to be a dispensation of the law of Grama B'Nizakin, which would presumably normally forbid the causing of harm to another even in the indirect forms under discussion.

Kapos, Quotas and Cards


Rav Zvi Hirsch Meisels relates the following heartbreaking story:

ืžืกื—ืจ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงืืคื•"ืก


ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืจืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื' ื“ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžืคื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ื ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ืฉืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“, ... ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™' ืœื”ื ื‘ื ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื, ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืœื• ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืื• ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉืจื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื, ืื• ืกืชื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ืขื™ืจื, ื•ื”ืžื” ืจืฆื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืœืืง ื”ืžื•ืกื’ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืคืชื— ืื™ื–ื” ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืฉื ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืงืจ ืœื”ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื ืชื—ืฉืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ.


ืืš ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืงืืคื•"ืก ืœื ืฉืขื• ืืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœื“, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืคื”, ... ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืœื–ื” ื”ื™' ื’ื ื˜ืขื ืชื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ืคื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื“ื• ืœืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื•ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืก' ืก' ื™ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืจื• ืœื”ื, ื•ืื ื™ื—ืกืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื– ื“ืžื ื‘ืจืืฉื ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื ืคืฉ ืชื—ืช ื ืคืฉ.


ืื›ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•"ืž ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขื“ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื™ื–ื” ื ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœื“, ื•ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื—ื˜ืคื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืื™ื–ื” ื ืขืจ ืื—ืจ, ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื ื”, (ืžืืœื• ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ ืื• ืฉื ืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ืขืช ืจืืฉื ื‘ื“ืฃ) ื•ืกื’ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื‘ืœืืง ื”ื "ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืคื“ื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื.


ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™' ืขื•ื“ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ืขืœื™ื ืœืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™' ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฉื’ื” ืฉืœื ืขืฉื• ืฉื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืขืจ ื”ื ืคื“ื”, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืฆื• ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื ืคืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ืฉืืจ ืœื”ื ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื ืฆืจืš, ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืคื“ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืจ ืžื›ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ื›ื›ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืกื—ืจ-ืžื›ืจ ื”ืœื–ื” ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ื ื”, ...


ืืžื ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™' ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื’ื”, ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื—ืจ, ื›ืžืืžืจ ื—ื›ืžื–"ืœ ืžืื™ ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“ื ื ื•ืจืื” ืื—ืช, ืืฉืจ ืขื™ื ื™ ืจืื• ื•ืื–ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•, ืื– ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื "ืœ, ืืฉืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื–ื” ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืชื ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ืืฃ ื‘ืขืช ืฆืจืชื ื•ืกื‘ืœื•ืชื ื”ื ื•ืจืื”.



ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืื‘ ืžืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื‘ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•

ื”ื ื” ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืœื ื“, ืžืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.

ืจื‘ื™, ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ืงืจ ืœื™ ืžื‘ื‘ืช ืขื™ื ื™, ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง, ืฉื”ืงืืคื•"ืก ื™ืชืคืกื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืžื”ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื ืื ื™ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืคื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืŸ ืืขืฉื”.


[ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืคืกื•ืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœ ื™ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ื”ื–ื•. ืื•ืœื ื”ืื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ืžืชื•ืš ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื”:] ื•ื’ื ื›ื›ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื ืคื“ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื•ืžื ื“ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื• ืœื”' ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืคื“ื•ืชื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื“ื”ื• ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™"ืช ื›ืขืงื™ื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™' ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ...24


In a footnote, Rav Meisels analyzes the question Halachically. He begins by citing the Rema, Sema (citing the Nimukei Yosef citing the continuation of the Yerushalmi, as above), Shach (citing Ibn Lev), and Rav Landau, and he then proceeds as follows:

ื•ื ืกืชืคืงืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืื ื”ืื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืคื“ื•ืชื• ืืฃ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืคืก ืื—ืจ. ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื™ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื .. ื“ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœืชื• ืืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืคืก, ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืงื—ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื“ื•ืงื ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ, ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืงื—ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืข"ืฉ. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืื ืื‘ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื ืฉื™ืงื—ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืื ื”ืื‘ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืื—ืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื ืื• ื“ื’ื ื”ืื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื ืš ืงื•ื“ืžื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื (ืงืœ"ื• ืข"ื‘) ืคืœื•ื’ืชื ืื™ ื‘ื ื• ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื” ืžื ืคืฉื™ื” ืข"ืฉ ื•ืฆ"ืข.


As I have argued earlier, the Yad Avraham's assertion is quite puzzling, since it seems to contradict the Yerushalmi. Rav Meisel's acceptance of it is even more baffling, since he has just cited both the Sema and Rav Landau's responsum, which eliminates my earlier suggestion that the Yad Avraham disagrees with the Sema and does not accept the stringency of the Yerushalmi as normative.

Irving J. Rosenbaum cites the following discussion of Rav Efraim Oshry:

On the twenty-third of Elul, 5701 (September 15, 1941), the German supervisor of the Kovno ghetto (Jordan) provided the Aeltestenrat (Judenrat) five thousand "white cards" to be distributed to workers and craftsmen in the ghetto and their families. Only those having "white cards" would be allowed to remain. At that time there were about thirty thousand souls in the ghetto, of whom about ten thousand were such workers and their families. In consternation, those workers who were the strongest forcibly seized "white cards" for themselver from the Aeltestenrat. Rabbi Oshry perceived two halakhic questions involved in the matter. ... The second: Was it permissible for a worker to snatch a card for himself, even though by so doing he would certainly be causing the death of another - since there were only five thousand cards for ten thousand workers? ...


The second question - the permissibility of seizing a card and saving one's own life at the expense of another - also has precedent in Jewish law. The first is found in the Shakh ... However, Rabbi Oshry rejects this as a precedent for our case, since the Shakh's decision applies only when the men have not yet been seized. Then it is permissible to try to prevent them from being taken, even though others would suffer as a result. However, the Shakh would most probably rule that if two men were already in custody, it would not be permitted to attempt to free them; for it would then be inevitable that two others would be taken in their stead. In the Kovno ghetto situation, one could say that the entire community was already "taken prisoner". If so, the decision of the Shakh would not apply, and it would be forbidden for the workers to seize the "white cards."


Yet it might be held, Rabbi Oshry continues, that in our case it would still be permissible. For as the Yad Avraham .. points out, it is only forbidden for others to try to rescue the imprisoned men when this will simply lead to different victimes being seized. However, it is certainly not forbidden for the prisoner himself to attempt to escape even though someone else will suffer. So too, here, the worker who seizes the card is saving himself, not another. But upon close examination this analogy proves imperfect. For the Yad Avraham is referring to a case where his action does not directly cause another to die. It is simply that if he escapes another is imprisoned in his place. Though the second man may ultimately die because of this, his death is not directly resultant from the act of the first. But in the Kovno ghetto, the seizure of the card by one workman would directly result in the death of one who was denied a card by his action.

It is possible to support this distinction between direct and indirect action from the classic case in the Talmud, Baba Metzia 62a.

If two men are traveling on a journey [far from civilization] and one has a pitcher of water, if both drink they will both die, but if one only drinks, he can reach civilization. Ben Patura taught: "It is better that both should drink and die, rather than that one should behold his companion's death." Until Rabbi Akiba came and taught: "'that thy brother may live with thee' (Lev. 25:36), thy life takes precedence over his life."

As Rabbi Oshry explains Ben Patura's point of view, it is the drinking by the one man that causes the death of the other. The saving of his own life is, thus, the direct cause of his fellow's death. Ben Patura does not believe that the injunction of "and live by them" (Lev. 18:5) - not die by them - applies if one gains his own life by not attempting to save his comrade's. And though Rabbi Akiba disagrees with Ben Patura, it is only in this case of the two travelers, where the one takes no direct physical action to injure his fellow, but simply refrains from giving him water, that Rabbi Akiba would sanction his behavior. However, in our case, where as a result of the direct action of seizing the card, a fellow workman will be delivered over to the murderers, it is quite possible that Rabbi Akiba would agree with ben Patura and forbid the action. ... 25


Summary



To summarize, we have the following principles:



  • Actively, directly harming others, even ืงืœื™ื, ืจื™ืงื™ื, ืคื•ื—ื–ื™ื, ืคืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื’ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช, in order to save oneself is forbidden.


  • Mere evasive action, even with the inevitable consequence of harm to another, is permitted to both a potential victim himself as well as a friend of his, provided that the harm has not yet befallen the victim.


  • Once the harm has already befallen the victim, it is forbidden to shift it onto another. Some still allow the victim himself to take evasive action, but this view is problematic.





Postscript


The idea that Halachah allows the privileged, the rich and the well connected to utilize their wealth and influence to shift, even indirectly, the burden of military service onto their less fortunate brethren26 will very likely trouble those (such as me) with modern, Western value systems. This is apparently a classic example of the celebrated maxim of Rav Ya'akov Weil:



[ืคืกืงื™] ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืคืกืงื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื™ื ื”ื27



Notes



1 Job 2:4


2 One can, of course, consider the matter from an ethical perspective without invoking Halachah, and there may even be an ethic independent of Halachah, but our discussion will be limited to the Halachah.


3 Dr. Shapiro read a draft of this essay, and commented helpfully thereon.

4 ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืคืจืง ื’' ื”ืœื›ื” ื


5 Bava Basra, p. 10 in the Rif pagination. He also cites the fourth paragraph, but he apparently understands it to be stating a different rule.


6 ื”ื’ื”ืช ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืค"ื— ืกื•ืฃ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘


7 ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™


8 ืฉื•"ืช ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ื“


9 ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืก"ื’ ืก"ืง ื›"ื–, ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื ื“ื ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื


10 ืกืคืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื›ืœืœ ื™' ื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืช ืž"ื’


11 ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืŸ' ืœื‘ ื—ืœืง ื‘' ืกื™ืžืŸ ืž


12 ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืค"ื’ ืก"ืง ื™"ื—


13 ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื


14 ื—ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื


15 ื—ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ื”ืจื™"ื’ ืฉื


16 ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›"ื–


17 ืฉื•"ืช ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืชื ื™ื ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืข"ื“, ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•"ืž ืฉื ื•ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื "ื– ืก"ืง ื™"ื’


18 ื™ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื "ื– ืกืขื™ืฃ ื


19 But note that the introduction to the Shulhan Aruch states that the Yad Avraham was published posthumously from manuscript, so perhaps something was lost in transcription.


20 The objection of Rav Landau and of Hasam Sofer (see below) to the seizure of religiously lax youths is noted by Dr. Shapiro in footnote 16 of his article.


21 The question of Tinok She'Nishbeh is beyond the scope of this post.


22 ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ื ืกื•ืคืจ ื—ืœืง ืฉืฉื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›"ื˜ ื“"ื” ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•"ืž ืฉื


23 ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื’' ื”ืœื›ื” ื˜', ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื— ืคืจืง ื“' ื”ืœื›ื” ื™', ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื "ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘', ืื ืฆืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืจืš ืืคื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก


24 ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื, ืฉืขืจ ืžื—ืžื“ื™ื, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื“ - ื•. Rav Meisel's narrative is cited (in English translation) by Irving J. Rosenbaum, The Holocaust and Halakhah, pp. 3 - 5, and see his discussion of it in the endnote on p. 158. I thank Dr. Shapiro for bringing this story to my attention.


25 The Holocaust and Halakhah, pp. 24 - 30. He is citing Rabb Oshry's Divre Efrayim, p. 95, a work to which I do not currently have access.


26 I have seen no discussion of whether there's any ethical imperative, such as Lifnim Mi'Shuras Ha'Din or Middas Hassidus, to refrain from so doing.


27 ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืž"ื•, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืž"ืข ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’' ืก"ืง ื™"ื’

โ†ง

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