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Rabbi Chaim Rapoport on the Contemporary 'Tribe of Levi' in Maimonides' Mishneh Torah

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In response to Professor Menachem Kellner's thoughtful post at the Seforim blog regarding Rabbi Aryeh Leibowitz's recent article in the latest issue of Tradition and subsequent response at the Seforim blog, frequent contributor to the Seforim blog, Rabbi Chaim Rapoport of London, presents his latest offering below:

ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™" ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื[1] ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”"

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ื—ื›ื ืคืจื•ืคืกืจ ืžื ื—ื ืงืœื ืจ

ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืคื•ืคื•ืจื˜

ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™'

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”', ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ (ืคื™"ื’ ื”ื™"ื‘ ื•ื”ื™"ื’) ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื 'ืกืคืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื', ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื[2]: ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ื–ื›ื”[3] ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ืชื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื[4], ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืค' ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื’, ื™ื•"ื“) 'ื™ื•ืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืชื•ืจืชืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ'.[5] ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื; ืœื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื’ื•ืคืŸ[6], ืืœื ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื, ื™ื) 'ื‘ืจืš ื”' ื—ื™ืœื•', ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืค' ืงืจื— ื™ื—, ื›) 'ืื ื™ ื—ืœืงืš ื•ื ื—ืœืชืš'. ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื•[7] ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืœื“ืขื”[8] ืืช ื”' ื•ื”ืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื”ื• ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืคืจืง ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื[9] ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื ืชืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื[10] ื•ื™ื”ื™' ื”' ื—ืœืงื• ื•ื ื—ืœืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”[11] ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื•[12] ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื•ื™ื[13], ื”ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื[14] ืื•ืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื˜ื–, ื”), 'ื”' ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ื›ื•ืกื™ ืืชื” ืชื•ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ืจืœื™'. ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘'ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื', ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืฉืงืœื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ื” ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื• ืœืขื•ืžืชื•.

ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืืฃ ืื ื™ ืืขื ื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื™, ืคืจื™ ืขืžืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™, ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืงื‘ืœื• ื“ืขืชื™, ืจืง ื™ืจื ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜: ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื™.

"ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื"

ื) ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉื ื“ืคืก ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื‘'ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื', ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ื ืคืจื•ืค. ืžื ื—ื ืงืœื ืจ, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื• "ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื" ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“.

ื•ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื–ื”, ืœื›ืœ ืœืจืืฉ, ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชื ื ื“ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™' ื‘ื–ื”:

ื‘ืื’ืจืช ื›"ืง ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™"ืข ืžื™ื•ื ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“[15] ืขืžื“ ื’"ื› ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืœื•, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื" ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื - ืจืื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืค"ื ืž"ื‘ ['ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืœื’, ื˜ื•) ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื'] . . . - ื›ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืค"ื—[16])". ืขื›"ืœ.[17]

ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื“ืก"ืœ ื“ื–ื” ืฉื’ื ื’ื•ื™ ืž'ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื' ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ืช 'ืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื', ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ[18] ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืœืžื“ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ('ื›ื›ื ื›ื’ืจ'), ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉ"ื™ื”ื™' ื”' ื—ืœืงื• ื•ื ื—ืœืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื", ื•ื›ื”ื ื“ืงื™ื™"ืœ ืฉ"ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื"[19].

ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ[20] ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื" ืื• "ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื", ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืฉืจ"ืœ 'ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื', ื•ืืœื• ื”ื:

(ื) ื”ืœ' ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืค"ื’ ื”"ื’ ["ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื” ืฉื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื–ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”]; (ื‘) ืฉื ืค"ื• ื”"ื’ ["ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื™' ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื— ื•ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื— ื›ื•' ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ื˜ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืขื•"]; (ื’) ื”ืœ' ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืค"ื™ ื”ื™"ื "ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื“ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื"]; (ื“) ื”ืœ' ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืคื™"ื‘ ื”"ื’ ["ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื ื‘ืจืื™ื"]; (ื”) ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ืค"ื— ื”ื™"ื ["ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—"].

ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ: (ื•) ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคืœื” ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘'ืกื“ืจ ืชืคืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”'[21] ื”ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจ 'ืื”ื‘ื”': "ืงื‘ืฅ ืงื•ื™ืš ืžืืจื‘ืข ื›ื ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืœื‘ื“ืš ืœื›ืœ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ".

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ื ืžืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘'ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื”' ืขืž"ืก ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื (ืค"ื ืž"ื“) ืฉื ื™ื ื•: "ืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจื, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”' ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•'[22]". ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื“ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™"ืœ ื›ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืืœื ืฉ"ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื, ื•ืกืžื›ื•ื”ื• ืœืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”' ืœืื‘ืจื”ื (ืค' ืœืš ื™ื–, ื”) 'ื›ื™ ืื‘ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื ื ืชืชื™ืš', ืืžืจื•[23] ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื‘ ืœืืจื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื’ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”' ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื“ืช", ื•ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื[24], ื•ื›ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– (ืค"ื ื”"ื’) ืขืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื“"ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืข (ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื•) . . . ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืœื•-ื” ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™' ืžื”ืœืš ื•ืงื•ืจื ื•ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื”ืขื ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืžืžืœื›ื” ืœืžืžืœื›ื” . . . ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืค' ื•ื™ืจื ื›ื, ืœื’), ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”' ื-ืœ ืขื•ืœื".[25]

ื•ืื ื™ืฉืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ: ื”ื™ืืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœ "ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืœื“ืขื” ืืช ื”'", ืืฃ ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื•: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ืฉื, ืฉ"ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ [ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•] ื•ื™ื“ืข (ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื•) ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ . . . ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื ืœืืœื•-ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจื•ื”ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื", ืข"ืฉ.

ื•ื’ื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื•, (ื›ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื[26]), "ืฉื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื ืงืจื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื• . . . ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืชืื”ื‘ ืื“ื ืชืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืš ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืชืฉื‘ื—ื”ื• ื•ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• . . . ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจื™[27] 'ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”' ื•ื’ื•', ืื”ื‘ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ืš, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืค' ืœืš ื™ื‘, ื”) ื•ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื—ืจืŸ', ืจ"ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™' ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื™ืฉืขื™' ืžื, ื—) 'ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™' ืฉื”ื™' ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื’ืชื• ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื–ืง ืื”ื‘ืชื•, ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ื•".

[ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™' ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉ"ื™ืœืžื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื™ื•ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”' ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืžืขื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™' ื‘, ื‘[28]), 'ื•ื”ื™' ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™' ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”' ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจื™ื[29] ื•ื ืฉื ืžื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื”ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื'," ื•ื™ืชืงืŸ "ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฆืคื ื™' ื’, ื˜) ื›ื™ ืื– ืื”ืคื•ืš ืืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื”', ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉื›ื ืื—ื“"[30]].

ืข"ืค ื›ืœ ื”ื "ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœ' ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉ"ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•", ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ื™ โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ 'ืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื'[31].

"ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ ืจึฐืึตื” ื–ึถื” ืžึธืฆึธืืชึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื™ึธืฉืึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึตืžึผึธื” ื‘ึดืงึฐืฉืื•ึผ ื—ึดืฉึผืึฐื‘ึนื ื•ึนืช ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื" (ืงื”ืœืช ื–, ื›ื˜).

ื‘) ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืจืงื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื”ืœืช ื•ื›ืชื‘: "ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•' ื•ื”ืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื”ื• ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืคืจืง ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื".

ืคืจื•ืคืกืจ ืงืœื ืจ ื ืกืชื‘ืš ืงืฆืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืœื•, ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ื ืขื”"ื“.

ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ - ื‘ืกืคืจื• 'ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื' ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืคืจืง ื™ื‘. ื‘'ืžื•ืจื”' ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืœืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ 'ืจืขื”' ืฉื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•"ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื™ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ . . . ื•ืžืจืขื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฆืขืงื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœื . . . ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื˜, ื’) ืื•ืœืช ืื“ื ืชืกืœืฃ ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื’ื•', ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• 'ืœื‘ื“ ืจืื” ื–ื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžื” ื‘ืงืฉื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื', ื•ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืœื™ื• ืืœื• ื”ืจืขื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื”, ื•) ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืขืคืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื“ืžื” ืœื ื™ืฆืžื— ืขืžืœ, ื•ืื—"ื› ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ืืžืจ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื, ื–) ื›ื™ ืื“ื ืœืขืžืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื•', ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืจ"ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืื•ื” ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืชื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉื’ืœ, ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืกื“ืจ, ืื• ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื”ื™' ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช", ืข"ืฉ ื‘ืืจื•ื›ื”.

ื”ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื”ืœ' ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ "ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ . . . ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• . . . ื•ื”ืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื”ื• ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืคืจืง ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื", ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืจืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืชืื•ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืข"ื› ืœื ืกื‘ืœ ืž"ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื". ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœืš ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ืœื ื ื’ืจืข ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืขืฉื” ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื.

"ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ . . . ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• . . . ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ"

ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœ"ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื•", ื“ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื:

(ื) ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืžืžืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขืกืง ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื“ื” ื•ื›ืจื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ื‘ื›ื— ื’ื•ืคื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื"ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืœืจื‘ื™ื. 32

ื•ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ืืชื” ืœืžื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช "ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื•" ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•'ื”ื‘ื“ืœืชื' ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”'. ื•ืข"ื› ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืขื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™. ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™? ื’ื ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' ืขืœ ืืชืจ: (ื) "ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื•ืœืฉืจืชื•"[33]; (ื‘) "ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื".

[ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื’ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ "ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื", ืฉื™ื™ืš, ื‘ืžื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘'ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข' (ื”ืœ' ื“ืขื•ืช ืค"ื ื”"ื”) ืžื” ื”ื "ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื" ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื (ืฉื ื”"ื–) ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืค' ื•ื™ืจื ื™ื—, ื™ื˜) "ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”", ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื‘ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ืฉื) ืฉื”"ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— (=ื’ื•ื™ื) ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช34 ื”ื "ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื".35

(ื‘) ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืœืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ื“ื [ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื”], ืืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ 'ืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื' ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื โ€“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”'. ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ื“ืขื•ืช (ืค"ื’ ื”"ื’) ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”' ืชืžื™ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื›ื•' ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆื ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™' ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”'."36]

ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืจืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืš ื”ื: ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื“ืžื•ืช ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื“ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ืชืžื™ื“, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ - ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื - ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”' ืชืžื™ื“ (ื•ื›ื "ืœ ืžื”ืœ' ื“ืขื•ืช); ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ ื–ื›ื• ืœืžืชื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืืช ื”' ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื›ืš ื™ื–ื›ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื.

ื•ืื ื›ื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื ื• ืœืคืจืฉื• ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.

ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•: (ื) ืฉื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื‘, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ื›ืชื‘ "ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื", ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื™"ื’, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืชื‘ "ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืœื“ืขื” ืืช ื”'," ื•ืื™ืœื• "ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื›ื•' ืœืจื‘ื™ื" ืœื ืงืชื ื™; (ื‘) ืฉื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื‘, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉ"ื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื" ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉ"ืœื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•' ื•ืœื ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื’ื•ืคืŸ", ืžืฉื"ื› ื‘ื”ื™"ื’ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ 'ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—', ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืžื•, ื•ืืœื• ื”ื: "ืœื“ืขื” ืืช ื”'," โ€“ ื•ื›ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉ"ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“"; ืฉ"ื”ืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื”ื• ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืคืจืง ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื", ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื–ื” (ื›ืžืฉื "ืช ืœืขื™ืœ ืก"ื‘) ืฉืœื ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•' ื”ืžืงืœืงืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื• ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ื“ืขื•ืช.

ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ืข: ืคืจื•ืคืกืจ ืงืœื ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจ' ืืจื™' ืœื™ื™ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืฅ

ื’) ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื”ื "ืœ ื™ืฆื ืคืจื•ืค. ืงืœื ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืกืขืจื” ื ื’ื“ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืจืื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื "ืœ (ื”ืœ' ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืคื™"ื’ ื”ื™"ื’) ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืืœื• ืฉืชื•ืจืชื ืื•ืžื ืชื, [ืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื•ืขื˜[37], ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื™ื™ืจื™ (ื’ื) ืžื’ื•ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื• ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ืง ื•ืงืฉืจ ืœืืœื• ืฉืžืชืžืกืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”) ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“'ืชื•ืจืชื ืื•ืžื ืชื'.

ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื 'ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื' ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื’ื•ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ื›ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื–ืจืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘, ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš? ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื ื‘ืืจืขื ื•ื’ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื!

ืืžื ื ื ืจืื” ืฉืคืจื•ืคืกืจ ืงืœื ืจ ืงื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™' ืœื• ืœื”ืืจื™ืš. ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื "ืœ, ื“"ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื" ืœื ืžื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืืœื• (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ื™ื) ื”ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืขื” ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ืžื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื“ื” ื•ื›ืจื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื™ื’ื™ืข ื›ืคื™ื”ื. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• (ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ) ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื!

ืื‘ืœ ืจ' ืืจื™' ืœื™ื™ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื•ื‘ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื• ืžืงื“ืžืช ื“ื ื, ื›ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื "ืœ, ื•ืข"ื› ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ.

ื”' ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ื›ื•ืกื™ ืืชื” ืชื•ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ืจืœื™ : ื”ื ื›ื™ืฆื“

ื’) ื•ื”ื ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื "ืœ, ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื›ื ืงืœื ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืžืฆืื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœ' ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื "ืœ, ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื›ื™ืŸ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื•ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื—ื™ ืขื–ืจื™'[38], ื•ื“ื›ื•ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื.[39]

ืคืจื•ืค. ืงืœื ืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื™ ืื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”'ืชื•ืžืš ืฉื‘ื˜' ืœื•ื™ ื•ื“ื›ื•ื•ืชื™' ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•, ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' โ€“ ื™ื”ื™' ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™'. [40]

ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืข"ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค. ืงืœื ืจ.

ื”ื ื” ืืžืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืœื›ื” [ื”ืžืชื—ืœืช ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช "ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“"] ื‘ืœื‘ื“ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืžื›ื™ืŸ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ื™: (ื) ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื "ืœ (ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ืงื˜ ื‘ื• ืคืจื•ืค. ืงืœื ืจ) ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืžืืœื• ืฉืชื•ืจืชื ืื•ืžื ืชื ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื›ืžืฉื "ืช; (ื‘) ื’ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื "ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื "ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื•ื™ื", ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื™ืžืฆื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื "ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื•" ืœืžืœืื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื•. [41]

ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ื•ืขื“"ื– ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื) ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™' ื•ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ "ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ืœืฉืจืชื• . . . ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื; ืœื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื’ื•ืคืŸ".

ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ: ื”ืชื™ื ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ ืื—ื™ื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ื—ื™?

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื—ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืคืจืง ืฉ"ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืืข"ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื”ื", ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืžื•ื”, ื“ื”ืชื™ื ื— ื‘ืชื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื“ื” ื•ื›ืจื, ืžื ื™ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข) ืœื—ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ?

ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืžื™ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื ื™ื: ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• 'ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื'.

ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”:

(ื) ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืจืื” ื™ื‘, ื™ื-ื™ื‘: ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดื‘ึฐื—ึทืจ ื”' ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผื•ึน ืœึฐืฉืึทื›ึผึตืŸ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึธื ืฉืึธืžึผึธื” ืชึธื‘ึดื™ืื•ึผ ืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึถื” ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืขื•ึนืœึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐื–ึดื‘ึฐื—ึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึทืขึฐืฉื‚ึฐืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึผืชึฐืจึปืžึทืช ื™ึถื“ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึดื‘ึฐื—ึทืจ ื ึดื“ึฐืจึตื™ื›ึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดื“ึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึทื”'. ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ื›ึถื ืึทืชึผึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืึทืžึฐื”ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึทืœึผึตื•ึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึทืขึฒืจึตื™ื›ึถื, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ื—ึตืœึถืง ื•ึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” ืึดืชึผึฐื›ึถื";

(ื‘) ืฉื ื™ื“, ื›ื•-ื›ื–: "ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึผึธื” ื”ึทื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึฐืึทื•ึผึถื” ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึธืงึธืจ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฆึผึนืืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผึทื™ึดืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึผืึตื›ึธืจ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืึธืœึฐืšึธ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืึธื›ึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืฉึผืึธื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึธืžึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืชึถืšึธ. ื•ึฐื”ึทืœึผึตื•ึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึทืขึทื–ึฐื‘ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ื—ึตืœึถืง ื•ึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” ืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ";

(ื’) ืฉื ื™ื“, ื›ื˜: "ื•ึผื‘ึธื ื”ึทืœึผึตื•ึดื™ ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ื—ึตืœึถืง ื•ึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” ืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึตืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึผึธืชื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึธื‘ึตืขื•ึผ ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึถื›ึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื™ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื”"

ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื:

(ื) ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืค"ื‘ ื”ื™"ื“: "ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžื— ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืคืจืฉืช ืจืื” ื˜ื–, ื™ื) 'ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ื’ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชื•ื ื•ื”ืืœืžื ื”', ืžืื›ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืงืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื•. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื›ืœ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื• ื•ืœื ืฉืžื— ืืœื• ืขืžื•, ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื˜, ื“) 'ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื”ื ื›ืœื—ื ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื• ื™ื˜ืžืื•, ื›ื™ ืœื—ืžื ืœื ืคืฉื', ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื ื—ืœืง ื•ืœื ื ื—ืœื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ื•ืœืฉืžื—ื, ืื• ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืœืฉืžื—ื• ื•ืฉื•ื”ื” ืžืžื ื• ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืคืจืฉืช ืจืื” ื™ื‘, ื™ื˜), 'ื”ืฉืžืจ ืœืš ืคืŸ ืชืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™'."[42]

(ื‘) ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืค"ื™ ื”"ื”: "ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื™ื›ื” ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื—ืžื• ื•ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ื–ื™ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืฉื™ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•, ื–ื™ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื– ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉื•, ื•ื‘ื’ื–ืœ ื”ื’ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืจืžื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉืืจ ืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื ื—ืœื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื–ื”".

ื•ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื:

ื‘'ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื' ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื”ื "ืœ) ืขืžื“ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื’"ื› ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื•ื™', ื•ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืž"ืฉ ื‘ื”ืœ' ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ), ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•: "ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ื ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื, 'ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื•ื ื—ืœื” ืขืžืš', ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™' ื–ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืชืขืกืง ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืขื” ืจืง ื™ื”ื™' ืœื”ืฉื ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืž"ืฉ ื™ื•ืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืชื•ืจืชืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื•', ื•ืชืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ื’ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชื•ื ื•ื”ืืœืžื ื”, ื™ืžื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงื ื™ืŸ[43]".

[ื•ืข"ืค ื›ืœ ื”ื "ืœ ื ืจืื” ื“ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื, ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื "ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื . . . ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื", ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื•ื™' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขื™"ื– ื™ื”ื™' ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, [44] ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื "ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื" ื”ื•ื ืข"ื“ ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื”ืœ' ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื: "ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื™ื›ื” ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื•' ืœื—ืžื• ื•ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ื–ื™ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืžืชื ื•ืช . . . ื–ื™ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื–"].

ื”ื•ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื–ืจื™ืขื” ื•ืฉืืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคืจื ืกื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื•ืข"ื› ื™ื”ื™ื• 'ืขื ื™ื™ื' ื•ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืจื ืกื• ื•ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืžืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื.

ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื "ืœ ื”ื™' ื ืจืื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” (ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•) ืฉื”ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืจื ืกืชื ื•ืคืจื ืกืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”"ื” ืžื•ืฉืจืฉืช ื•ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™.

ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืจืื• ื‘'ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™' ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืœื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืžื‘ืกืกืช ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”:

(1) ื‘ืฉื•"ืช 'ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ' ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจื— ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื–"ืœ ื‘ื"ื“: "ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื ืžืœืื™ื ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ืจืžื• ื•ืœื–ื™ืชื•, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ื ืคืจื ืกืชื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื— ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ืงืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืืœื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืื“ืžื” ื“ื’ืŸ ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ, ื•ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื’ืŸ ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืขืžืœ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชืŸ, ืืข"ื’ ื“ืชืจื•ืžืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื• ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื’ื™ ืœื”ื• ื‘ื“ื’ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื— ื•ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืคืจื ืกืชื ืžื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื• 'ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื'[45], ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืขืจืื™ ื•ืชื•ืจืชื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื• ืคืจื ืกืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืจื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื” ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืฉื™ื ืืœ ื”' ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืงื˜ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”' ืจื™ื— ื ื™ื—ื•ื—".[46]

(2) ื‘ืฉื•"ืช 'ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”' ืœื”ืจื”"ื’ ืจ' ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื’, ื›ืชื‘: ื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ืื™ื“ื ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจื’ืœ, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื“ืืฃ ื“ื”ืื™ื“ื ื ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืœืœ ื“ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืื•ืชื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื” ื“ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืข"ื› ื“ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื (ื™ื—, ื-ื‘) 'ืœื ื™ื”ื™' ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืง ื•ื ื—ืœื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉื™ ื”' ื•ื ื—ืœืชื• ื™ืื›ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื—ืœื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™' ืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื—ื™ื• ื”' ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœืชื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•'. . . ื•ืืžื ื ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื• ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื›ื ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืช ื—ืกืจื ื• ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืœื ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ื›ื ื• ื•ืœื ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ืœื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื•ืจ ืจืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืขืชื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื•"ืฆ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ืชืฆื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ื”ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” . . . ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื ื• ืžื–ื”, ื“ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื•ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” . . . ื•ื”ืœื›ืš ื›ืžื• ื“ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ืžืชื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื•ื™' ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”', ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื™ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื”ืื™ื“ื ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืงื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”', ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื’, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื™ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืžืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื”ืื™ื“ื ื ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœ, ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื•ืืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ื–ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ ื•ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืขื–"ื”.

(3) ื‘ืฉื•"ืช 'ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ' (ืœื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจ' ืžืฉื•ืœื ืจืื˜ื” ื–ืฆ"ืœ) ื—"ื ืกื™"ื– ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื–"ืœ: "ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืœืžื” ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืื—ื™ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ื™ื•ืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืชื•ืจืชืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ', ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ืขื•"ืฉ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื”ื–ื”ื‘. ื”ืจื™, ื“ืžื™ ืฉืชื•ืจืชื• ืื•ืžื ืชื• ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจื ืกืชื• ืžืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื•ื™ื".

ืื‘ืœ ืขื›"ื– ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ืžื” ืžืคืจืฉื™ื (ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื), ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” (ืค"ื’ ื”"ื™)[47] ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืขืž"ืก ืื‘ื•ืช[48], ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ืœ ืคืจื ืกืชื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ! ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื”: ืื ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืงื— ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ืื•ืžื ืชื• ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉ"ื  "ื™ื•ืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืชื•ืจืชืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ"?

ืื›ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื ื•ืฉืื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืฆืขืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœืคืจื ืกื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืฉื‘ื›ื”"ื’ ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ.[49]

ืืžื ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื ื ืขืœื•, ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื–ื”.[50] ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื ื™ื ื ื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœืคืขื "ื“, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ ื™ื“ ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืข"ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.


[1] ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ื”"ื” ืข"ืค 'ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช' ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืคืจื ืงืœ.

[2] ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ืื• (ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื) ื’ื ื‘'ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš', ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืžื‘.

[3] ื™"ื’: "ื–ื›ื”" ื•ื™"ื’ "ื–ื•ื›ื”".

[4] ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื˜ืจื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื•ื™, ื•ื›ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืœ' ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ืค"ื ื”"ื’): "ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื• ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืœืžื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืฆื™ื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ืžืžื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืฉื›ื— ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™' ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ื ืœื•ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”', ืขื“ ืฉืืจื›ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื".

ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืœื•, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื– ื•ืžืงื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ื•ืื‘ื•ื”ื•ืŸ ื“ื›ื•ืœื”ื• โ€“ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•) ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœื•ืช: ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืœืžื“, ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ื•ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ.

[5] ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื’"ื› ืฉ"ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืค' ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื–, ื˜) ื•ื‘ืืช ืืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื‘).

[6] ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื' ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืคืจืง ืœื˜, ื™ืจืื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘'ืžื•ืจื”' ื•ื‘'ื™ื“' ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืืžื™ื. ื•ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžื•"ื  ืฉื: ". . . ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื•ื ื—ืœื” ืขืžืš, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™' ื–ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ [ื] ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื ื•[ื‘]ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืชืขืกืง ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืขื” ืจืง ื™ื”ื™' ืœื”ืฉื ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืž"ืฉ ื™ื•ืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืชื•ืจืชืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื•'," ืข"ืฉ ื‘ืืจื•ื›ื”.

[7] ื™"ื’: "ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืขืชื•".

[8] ื™"ื’: "ืœื“ืขืช".

[9] ืข"ืค ืงื”ืœืช ื–, ื›ื˜: "ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ ืจึฐืึตื” ื–ึถื” ืžึธืฆึธืืชึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื™ึธืฉืึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึตืžึผึธื” ื‘ึดืงึฐืฉืื•ึผ ื—ึดืฉึผืึฐื‘ึนื ื•ึนืช ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื".

[10] ืข"ืค ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื-ื ื›ื’, ื™ื’: "ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืขึทืžึฐืจึธื ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึผืžึนืฉืึถื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึผึธื“ึตืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ืœึฐื”ึทืงึฐื“ึผึดื™ืฉืื•ึน ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ืงึธื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืขึทื“ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึฐื”ึทืงึฐื˜ึดื™ืจ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืœึฐืฉืึธืจึฐืชื•ึน ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืขึทื“ ืขื•ึนืœึธื".

[11] ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•.

[12] ื‘ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื: "ื•ื“ืงื“ืงืชื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื–"ืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ 'ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื”"ื– ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื•', ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ื™ื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื• ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉืœื™ืš ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ".

[13] ื™"ื’ "ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืœื•ื™ื".

[14] ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•.

[15] ื ื“ืคืกื” ื‘'ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช' ื—ืœืง ื—' ืขืžื•ื“ 325.

[16] ืจืื” ื’ื: ื”ืœ' ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืค"ื’ ื”"ื”; ื”ืœ' ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ืคื™"ื“ ื”"ื–.

[17] ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ื•: (ื) "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื ื—ื•ื‘ืงื™ ืขื•ืœื: 'ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™-ืขื•ืœื', ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ื™! ืื ืืš ื™ืจืฆื” ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”' ื™ื”ื™' ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื!" ('ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ' ืœื”ืจื”"ื’ ืจ' ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื ื‘ื ืฆืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื, ืคืจืฉืช ืงืจื—, ืขืžื•ื“ ืงืกื—); (ื‘) "ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืคื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–' ื–"ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืขืœื™' ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืฉื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื 'ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื' ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช" ('ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื ื•"ื›' ืœื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืฉื•ืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืจื‘ ื•ืื‘"ื“ ื“ืงืจื™ืช ืืชื, ื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืžืืกืฃ ืชื•ืจื ื™ 'ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ' ื—ื˜"ื–, ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉืก"ื”, ืขืžื•ื“ ืจื˜ื• ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืจืœื‘).

[18] ื•ืข"ื“ ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉื: "ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืืœื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•' ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช".

[19] ื“ืืœื”"ื› โ€“ ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ 'ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื”"ืข' ืœื›ืืŸ?!

[20] ื‘'ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช' ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืฉ"ืง ืค' ืงืจื— ื”ืชืฉื“"ืž (ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืœืงื•"ืฉ ื—ื›"ื— ืขืžื•ื“ 104).

ื’ื ืคืจื•ืคืกืจ ืงืœื ืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• โ€“ ืข"ืค ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ.

[21] ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื•.

[22] ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืคืจืฉืช ืชื‘ื ื›ื•, ื’.

[23] ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืค"ื ื”"ื“.

[24] ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืœ' ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื (ืค"ื“ ื”"ื’) ื›ืชื‘: "ื”ื’ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื 'ืื‘ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื ื ืชืชื™ืš', ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืชื—ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ". ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”' ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœ'ื’ื™ืจื•ืช'. ืจืื”: ื”ืœ' ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ืคื™"ื’ ื”"ื“ ("ื›ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืกืชื•ืคืฃ ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”"); ื”ืœ' ื“ืขื•ืช ืค"ื• ื”"ื“ ("ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”"); ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ืค"ื— ื”"ื” ("ืื ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœื™' ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ื’ืจื•ืช"). ื•ื›"ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœ"ืช ืจื ื‘ ("ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกืช ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”"). ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ืื’ืจืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™' ื”ื’ืจ (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืคืจื™ื™ืžืืŸ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืจืฆ"ื“, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืกื˜; ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื•ืฆืืช 'ืžืงื™ืฆื™ ื ืจื“ืžื™ื', ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉ"ืš, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืžื— - ืขืžื•ื“ 728). ืฉื ืžืชืืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ืื“ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขืžื• . . . ื•ืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”' ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ื ืชืื‘ืง ื‘ืขืคืจ ืจื’ืœื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืข"ื”".

[25] ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' (ื”ืœ'

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